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  <meta name="description" content="自从买了索尼α6000之后，一直没有认真地去学，只是平时出门玩带上去拍，很多参数都不懂，正好现在有空，打算先把摄影的一些术语搞懂。 　　焦距 光圈 快门 快门速度 景深 景深预览 感光度 色温 白平衡 曝光 相对孔径 曝光组合 相机常见英文符号">
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        <p>　　 自从买了索尼α6000之后，一直没有认真地去学，只是平时出门玩带上去拍，很多参数都不懂，正好现在有空，打算先把摄影的一些术语搞懂。</p>
<p>　　焦距 光圈 快门 快门速度 景深 景深预览 感光度 色温 白平衡 曝光 相对孔径 曝光组合 相机常见英文符号</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h3 id="焦距"><a href="#焦距" class="headerlink" title="焦距"></a>焦距</h3><p>(Focal length)　基本上就是从镜头的中心点到胶片平面(其它感光材料)上所形成的清晰影像之间的距离。焦距的单位通常用mm(毫米)来表示，一个镜头的焦距一般都标在镜头的前面，如50mm（这就是我们通常所说的”标准镜头”,指对于35mm胶片），28-70mm（我们最常用的镜头）、70-210mm（长焦镜头）等。</p>
<h3 id="光圈"><a href="#光圈" class="headerlink" title="光圈"></a>光圈</h3><p>(Aperture)　用于控制镜头通光量大小的装置。 开大一档光圈，进入相机的光量就会加倍，缩小一当光圈光量将减半，光圈大小用F值来表示，序列如下：<br>　 f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32, f/44, f/64<br>(f 值越小，光圈越大)　</p>
<h3 id="快门"><a href="#快门" class="headerlink" title="快门"></a>快门</h3><p>(Shutter)用于控制曝光时间长短的装置。快门一般可分为镜间快门和点平面帘幕快门(也就是人们常提到的钢片快门)。</p>
<h3 id="快门速度"><a href="#快门速度" class="headerlink" title="快门速度"></a>快门速度</h3><p>快门开启的时间。它是指光线扫过胶片的时间（曝光时间）。例如，“1/30”是指曝光时间为1/30秒，同样，“1/60”是指曝光时间为1/60秒，1/60秒的快门是1/30秒快门速度的两倍。其余以此类推。</p>
<h3 id="景深"><a href="#景深" class="headerlink" title="景深"></a>景深</h3><p>(Depth of field) 当某一物体聚集清晰时，从该物体前面的某一段距离到其后面的某一段距离都是相当清晰的。焦点相当清晰的这段从前到后的距离就叫做景深。<br>关于景深的一些说明：</p>
<p>　* 光圈越小，景深越大。光圈越大，景深越小</p>
<p>　* 对于任意光圈，其焦点之后的景深大约是焦点前面景深的2倍</p>
<p>　* 镜头的焦距越短，景深越大；镜头的焦距越长，景深越小</p>
<h3 id="景深预览"><a href="#景深预览" class="headerlink" title="景深预览"></a>景深预览</h3><p>(Depth of field preview) 因为在通过取景器观看时，为了能够对最明亮的可能影像进行构图和聚集，镜头总是将其光圈开至最大，这样在最大的光圈总是呈现出最浅的景深。为了得到看到实际的景深，有的相机提供了景深预览按钮，按下按钮，把光圈收缩到选定的大小，看到场景就和拍摄后胶片(记忆卡)纪录的场景一样。</p>
<h3 id="感光度"><a href="#感光度" class="headerlink" title="感光度"></a>感光度</h3><p>表示感光材料感光的快慢程度。感光度的单位用“度”或“定”来表示，如“ISO100/21”表示感光度为100度/21定的胶卷。感光度越高，胶片越灵敏（就是在同样的拍摄环境下正常拍摄同一张照片所需要的光线越少，其表现为能用更高的快门或更小的光圈）。200度的胶卷感光的灵敏度是100度胶卷的2倍，400度的胶卷的灵敏度是200度胶卷的2倍，其余以此类推。</p>
<h3 id="色温"><a href="#色温" class="headerlink" title="色温"></a>色温</h3><p>各种不同的光所含的不同色素称为“色温”。色温的单位为“K”（开尔文）。我们通常所用的日光型彩色负片所能适应的色温为5400K-5600K；灯光型A型、B型所能适应的色温分别为3400K和3200K。所以，我们要根据拍摄对象、环境来选择不同类型的胶卷，否则就会出现偏色现象（除非用滤色镜校正色温）。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>附：色温的定义“假设有一种黑色金属，使之处于零下273度（绝对零度）的环境中，随着温度的升高，该黑色金属就会发出不同波长的光，由该色光所对应金属的温度再加上273就是该种光的色温”。例如，将该金属加热至2500摄氏度，该金属就已发出红光，这种红光的色温就是“2500+273”K，也就是说这种红光的色温就是2773K。色温越低，长波长的光（红、橙色光）的百分含量越高；色温越高，短波长的光（蓝、紫色光）的百分含量越高。例如：中午的日光的色温大约是5500K；闪光灯的色温约为5600K；蔚蓝的天空的色温大约为20000K；100瓦普通灯泡的光的色温大约为2600K。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="白平衡"><a href="#白平衡" class="headerlink" title="白平衡"></a>白平衡</h3><p>由于不同的光照条件的光谱特性不同，拍出的照片常常会偏色，例如，在日光灯下会偏蓝、在白炽灯下会偏黄等。为了消除或减轻这种色偏，数码相机和摄象机可根据不同的光线条件调节色彩设置，以使照片颜色尽量不失真，使颜色还原正常。因为这种调节常常以白色为基准，故称白平衡。</p>
<h3 id="曝光"><a href="#曝光" class="headerlink" title="曝光"></a>曝光</h3><p>光到达胶片表面使胶片感光的过程。需注意的是，我们说的曝光是指胶片感光，这是我们要得到照片所必需经过的一个过程。</p>
<h3 id="相对孔径"><a href="#相对孔径" class="headerlink" title="相对孔径"></a>相对孔径</h3><p>镜头有效通光口径（光束直径）与焦距的比值。相对孔径越大，镜头就越“快”。如1:2.8、1:3.5-4.5等。在变焦镜头中，一般把相对孔径固定的镜头称为专业镜头，把相对孔径不固定、但相对孔径在1:2.8-1:4之间的镜头称为准专业镜头，其余则称为普及型镜头。</p>
<h3 id="曝光组合"><a href="#曝光组合" class="headerlink" title="曝光组合"></a>曝光组合</h3><p>是指在同一拍摄环境中可以使用不同的光圈和快门的组合。比如,用测光表测得快门为1/30秒时,光圈应用5.6,这样，F5.6、1/30秒就是一个曝光组合。我们也可用F4和1/60秒的曝光组合代替（二者等效）,也可用F2.8和1/125秒的曝光组合代替。也就是说,这几个组合是等效的。但我们特别要注意的是,虽然这几个曝光组合是等效的,也就是说曝光是准确的,但不同组合所获得的景深是不同的。</p>
<p><strong>附，相机常见英文符号</strong></p>
<p>　AE 　(Automatic Exposure) 自动曝光控制装置</p>
<p>　A 　 (Aperture Priority) 快门优先</p>
<p>　AEL (Automatic Exposure Lock) 自动曝光控制锁</p>
<p>　AF (Automatic Foucusing) 自动调焦标志</p>
<p>　AUTO (Automatic) 自动曝光标志</p>
<p>　B (Bulb Setting) 手控快门，刻在快门调节钮环上，俗称B门，表示上紧快门弦后，按下快门钮开始曝光,松开快门钮停止曝光。 　CF (Compact Flash) 数码相机内存卡</p>
<p>　Depth-of -field Scale 景深标尺，刻在调焦基线的两侧，有左右相对称的光圈系数</p>
<p>　Distance Scale for depth-of-field Reading 调焦距离数，刻在镜头调焦环湖机身调焦钮上，用m表示距离，是按米计算；相应的ft表示距离，是按英尺计算</p>
<p>　EE(Electric Eye) 电眼</p>
<p>　ES 电子快门标志</p>
<p>　EV(Exposure Value) 曝光指数</p>
<p>　EC(Exposure compensation) 曝光补偿</p>
<p>　EPS(Electronic Program Shutter) 电子程序式快门标志</p>
<p>　F或f (Focal Length) 镜头焦距，刻在镜头筒前压圈上，如f=50mm。（压圈上还刻有镜头编号和镜头最大相对孔径如1：4等标记）</p>
<p>  f/ 光圈系数</p>
<p>　ft （英尺）</p>
<p>　FP(Focal Plane) 使用焦平面快门单次闪光泡同步标志</p>
<p>　LCD 表示液晶数字显示屏</p>
<p>　LED 表示取景器中的曝光指示器是发光二机管</p>
<p>　L(Lock) 锁定</p>
<p>　M (Manual Exposure) 非自动曝光标志，调到此挡即可进行手动控制曝光</p>
<p>　M(Macro) 微距拍摄模式</p>
<p>　MODE 曝光方式选择钮</p>
<p>　P(Program Shutter) 程序自动曝光</p>
<p>　S(Shutter Speed Priority) 快门先决式自动曝光</p>
<p>　T(Time Exposure) T门标志，表示上紧快门弦后，按下快门开始曝光，松开快门钮快门不关闭，需要再次按下快门钮才关闭快门。</p>
<p>　TTL(Through The Lens) 内测光，表示具有可通过镜头进行内测光的装置，从而可以进行自动曝光控制。</p>

      
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